INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of inflammation in the underlying pathophysiology of adolescent depression by evaluating neutrophile-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and hemogram parameters and also to determine whether there is a relationship between depression severity and inflammatory parameters.
METHODS: This retrospective study was carried out on 93 major depressive disorder (MDD) patients and 65 healthy control. Clinical features such as diagnosis date, diagnosis during admission to hospital using DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, comorbid physical and psychiatric illness, drug use, previous psychiatric diagnosis, history of suicide attempt were determined. In addition, hemogram parameters of the participant included in the study in the hospital data system were used.
RESULTS: NLR and platelet distribution width (PDW) were found to be statistically significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group (p<0.05). A weakly significant positive correlation (p=0.039, r=0.165) was found between NLR and depression severity scale; a positive correlation was found between PDW and depression scale scores and depression severity scale total scores (p<0.001, r= 0.317; p<0.001, r=0.320, respectively).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: NLR and PDW were found to be significantly higher in patients with MDD than in healthy controls, and it supports the possible role of low-grade inflammation in the pathophysiology of MDD. In the next years, prospective studies in which hemogram parameters are evaluated together with proinflammatory cytokines will more clearly illuminate the role of inflammation and platelet activation in the etiology of MDD in adolescents.

INTRODUCTION: Since radioactive iodine therapy (RIT) applied in the treatment of patients with papillary thyroid cancer requires isolation, the distress in this period is a difficult issue for the clinician to cope with. Therefore, we aimed to address the prevalence of distress just before RIT, to examine some sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with distress, and to determine the relationship between distress and perceived social support.
METHODS: Methods: Psychiatric examination of 143 patients was performed. Distress thermometer (DT), hospital anxiety depression scale, The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) were applied. Those with a cut-off score of 4 and above in DT were included in the distressed group.
RESULTS: The prevalence of distress was 78%. Those with distress had more psychopathology, low and high income, comorbid physical illness, higher anxiety and depression scores, and lower MSPSS scores. Family problems, physical problems and depressive symptoms were predictors of distress.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Prevalence of distress is high among thyroid cancer patients just before RIT. Since psychopathology, anxiety, and depressive symptoms are more common in D group, the clinician's request for psychiatric consultation before RIT will facilitate coping with the distress during the isolation process. On the other hand, family problems, which can be considered as the negative aspect of social support, seem to predict distress. Since physical problems and depressive symptoms also predict distress, it is important to consider the medical and psychosocial factors as a whole when assessing the patient's distress.

INTRODUCTION: The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are remarkable on individuals’ mental health. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there is an increase in mental health problems and psychological distress in uninfected healthy people. The present study aimed to examine the mediator role of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between cognitive flexibility and COVID-19 related psychological distress experienced during the current pandemic.
METHODS: The sample consisted of 351 young adults (86% female and 14% male) who were not infected with COVID-19 aged between 18 to 25 years old. Participants completed the self-report questionnaires, including the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and COVID-19 Related Psychological Distress Scale. Mediation analysis estimated total, indirect, and direct effects between cognitive flexibility and COVID-19 related psychological distress.
RESULTS: The correlation analyses showed that cognitive flexibility - control dimension was negatively associated with both COVID-19 related psychological distress and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Also, maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and COVID-19 related psychological distress was found to be positively correlated. In the study sample, the results of the bootstrap mediation indicated that maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, including self-blame, acceptance, rumination, catastrophizing, and blaming others, fully mediated the relationship between cognitive flexibility - control and COVID-19 related psychological distress.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Our findings would help psychological interventions designed for COVID-19 uninfected healthy people who have lower-level cognitive flexibility - control dimension by highlighting the prominence that the fewer people use maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, the less they feel COVID-19 related psychological distress.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the excessive healthcare needs, persons with Intellectual Disability (ID) experience an inadequate access to healthcare services. Evaluating the attitudes of health personnel and community toward ID is important in terms of determining the factors affecting the social inclusion of persons with ID and the effectiveness of the services provided to these persons. The aim of this study was to adapt the Attitudes Toward Intellectual Disability Questionnaire (ATTID)-Short Form to Turkish, which consists of cognitive, emotional and behavioural dimensions of attitude, and to evaluate its validity and reliability.
METHODS: This study is a methodological type of research conducted on 1-6th grade medical faculty students studying in 2019. Exploratory factor analysis, simultaneously applied scale correlation analysis, Cronbach's alpha and test-retest correlation analysis were carried out in data analyses.
RESULTS: In this study, as a result of the exploratory factor analysis, five factors were determined whose items were compatible with the original items of the questionnaire. The factor loads of the items in the five factors were between 0.33-0.80, and five factors explained 52.49% of the total variance. As a result of the reliability analysis, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient in the factors of the Turkish version of the ATTID-Short Form varied between 0.76-0.87, and it was 0.88 in the whole questionnaire.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Analyses conducted to determine the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the ATTID-Short Form demonstrated that the questionnaire was accepted as a valid and reliable measurement tool.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study is to evaluate the beliefs and thoughts of healthcare workers in Istanbul about individuals with mental health problems from a social inclusion perspective.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study is the field research of a Strategic Partnership for Vocational Education and Training Erasmus+ Project named "Linking Partners: Linking Partners to Share Good Practices for Social Inclusion of People with Mental Health Problems" (2018-1-TR01-KA202-058379) coordinated by Istanbul Provincial Health Directorate. Healthcare workers who voluntarily participated in the research conducted through official announcement channels were included (n=588). Questions investigating sociodemographic characteristics and the views of the participants on the subject were asked, and the “Beliefs Towards Mental Illness Scale” (BMI) was applied. An increase in BMI score indicates negative belief towards individuals with mental health problems.
RESULTS: The participants’ BMI score was 49.2±17.3; subscale scores were 25.9±10.5 for "incurability/poor social and interpersonal skills"; 21.6±7.0 for “dangerousness”; 1.6±2.2 for “embarrassment”. BMI scores differ according to gender, occupational group, education level, marital status, having a child, and having a diagnosed mental illness in himself/hersel for a relative.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The negative beliefs towards individuals with mental health problems of healthcare workers working at public institutions in Istanbul are moderate; most of them agreed with the view that mental health services should be more community-based; It can be said that there is a need for training on social inclusion. Since this study includes both healthcare professionals and non-health professionals working in healthcare institutions, it is more inclusive than studies in the literature.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study was to investigate the Turkish validity and reliability of the Male Depression Risk Scale (MDRS) and the Gender-Sensitive Depression Scale (GSDS).


METHODS: 108 patients met the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder applied to Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University Faculty of Medicine and Yozgat City Hospital Psychiatry Clinic and 98 healthy controls were included in the study. All participants were given the MDRS, GSDS, and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) self-report scales. Explanatory factor analysis, correlation analyzes, and Mann-Whitney U and t test were used for disciriminant-convergent validity. Internal consistency coefficient and item-total score correlations were calculated for reliability. ROC analysis was conducted to show how much the scales differentiates the patient and the healthy control group.
RESULTS: Three-factor solution was obtained for both scales. These factors are Alcohol, Substance and Depression for MDRS; Dysphoria-Irritability, Impulsivity-Shame, and Alcohol for GSDS. Item factor loads were between 0.347-0.893 in MDRS and 0.377-0.962 in GSDS. The scales have been shown to be valid in terms of convergent and discriminant validity. At the same time, the scales were found to be reliable, and the internal consistency coefficients were 0.912 and 0.917 for MDRS and GSDS, respectively. The reliability of the subscales is also at an acceptable level. Subscale scores for both scales, except alcohol and substance dimensions, were significantly higher in women. The area under the curve was 0.847 for MDRS and 0.868 for GSDS in the ROC analysis.
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DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The analyses revelaed that Turkish forms of MDRS and GSDS were valid and reliable. Male-type depression symptoms were not specific to men, but the results pointed to a separate type in which externalizing symptoms are dominant. These scales are thought to be valuable and useful for studies to be conducted in our country with male-type depression.

INTRODUCTION: In this study, it is aimed to comparatively examine early maladaptive schemas and attachment in close relationships in individuals with and without social anxiety. Social anxiety is defined as an excessive fear of eating, speaking, vomiting or blushing in the presence of other people. The emotional relationship and communication between the baby and the parent or caregiver is defined as attachment. It is thought that the attachment attitudes adopted in childhood and adolescence continue in adulthood as well. The schema is formed as a result of the child's bonding with the people around him, value, autonomy and realistic expectations, usually as a result of traumatic experiences or miscommunication with the caregiver, and this reveals inappropriate perceptions of people about himself and the outside world.
METHODS: This research was conducted using the comparative relational screening method. The sample of the study, which was selected with the simple random sampling model, consists of people between the ages of 18-65 living in the city of Istanbul. Data collection tools used in the research; Personal Information Form, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, Young Schema Scale and Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory II. The data collected for this research were analyzed with the SPSS 25 program.
RESULTS: Considering the findings of the research, it is seen that there is a relationship between Social Phobia and Attachment and that early maladaptive schemas play a partial mediator role in this relationship. The findings obtained in the study were discussed in conjunction with other studies in the literature.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Considering the findings of the research, it is seen that there is a relationship between Social Phobia and Attachment and that early maladaptive schemas play a partial mediator role in this relationship. The findings obtained in the study were discussed in conjunction with other studies in the literature.

INTRODUCTION: The effect of Social Learning Theory on the Theory of Mind skill of children with mild intellectual disabilities was examined. The working group of this research consists of 30 children who continue their education in a private education institution in Beyoğlu District of Istanbul Province in the 2019-2020 academic year. A total of 30 children, 15 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group, were included in the study.
METHODS: The study group of the research was conducted as a quasi-experimental, since it could not be chosen objectively to form participants with equal initial conditions. The research was designed as Pre-Test and Post-Test Unequaled Groups according to the control group model. Social Learning Theory was applied to children with mild mental disabilities in the experimental group for eight weeks, in a total of 16 sessions. As a data collection tool in the study, "Unexpected Content Change, First Order False Mind Attribution Task and Second Order False Consideration Attribution Task" were used in the Theory of Mind (ToM) measurements. The demographic information of the children and their families was obtained using the "Personal Information Form" created by the researcher. The data obtained from the study group in the study were analyzed using the SPSS 25.0 package program.
RESULTS: The statistically significant difference was found in favor of the experimental group between the total scores of the posttest theory of mind tests of children with mild mental disability in the experimental and control groups. Mild mental disability children in the experimental group were found to be statistically significantly higher than the post-test unexpected content change, first-order misconception attribution and second-order false belief attribution test pre-test scores.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results of the study, Social Learning Theory has a positive effect on the theory of mind of children with mild intellectual disabilities.

Pathogens, which are the source of infectious diseases, have imposed a strong selection pressure on human evolution as one of the most important causes of human death during the natural selection process. As a result of this, it is assumed that a variety of adaptations have evolved against infection threats and one of these adaptations is the physiological immune system. However, activation of the physiological immune system can be quite costly for organisms in some cases, and therefore it has been recently proposed in evolutionary psychology that an adaptive system called behavioral immune system may have evolved in association with the proactive functional processes against pathogen threats. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that a number of psychopathologies might develop as a result of maladaptive processes affecting the functionality of this system, and one of these psychopathologies might be trypophobia. Trypophobia refers to a psychological disorder in which individuals experience aversion and disgust at excessive levels toward clusters of small objects such as holes and bumps. Following this, the current review was established within the framework of three distinct goals. Firstly, this review aimed to discuss the evolutionary basis and mechanisms of the behavioral immune system. Secondly, the review aimed to discuss the characteristic features and the etiological explanations of trypophobia. Finally, the review aimed to discuss how potential changes in the behavioral immune system might lead to the development of trypophobia.

Parental alienation sydnrome is a clinical condition in which the child is consciously and programmatically alienated from one parent by the other parent, constantly subjected to an unfair defamation campaign aganist the target parent. Despite the definition of clinical features, there is serious debate about the validity and reliability of this syndrome. Therefore, it is not included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (DSM 5) and International Classification of Diseases 11 (ICD 11). With the increase in divorce and custody cases, this syndrome is encountered more and more, but it is not sufficiently recognized and often overlooked by mental health professionals, forensic experts, judges and prosecutors. In this case report,an 8 year old girl who alienated from her mother by her father is presented and parental alienation syndrome is discussed.

Alcohol use-related psychotic disorder is a complication of alcohol use disorder associated with heavy alcohol consumption for many years. It is usually seen after the age of 40 and is often accompanied by auditory hallucinations. Cognitive disorders are observed more frequently in these patients than in patients with uncomplicated alcohol use disorder. Findings from some studies suggest a relationship between alcohol use-related psychotic disorder and cognitive impairment. In this case report, a 56-year-old male patient in whom both psychotic and cognitive signs and symptoms improved at the same rate with antipsychotic treatment is presented. What was remarkable in our case was the simultaneous and almost complete recovery of the psychotic state and cognitive impairments observed during alcohol use and withdrawal periods. The simultaneous occurrence of psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairments and their recovery at the same time suggest that cognitive symptoms in alcohol-related psychosis are not related to alcohol use alone, but are directly related to accompanying psychotic symptoms and are temporary like psychotic symptoms. It can even be suggested that cognitive impairments may be included in the symptom list of psychotic disorder due to alcohol use. Follow-up studies on this subject will facilitate the understanding of the cognitive and neurobiological basis of alcohol use-related psychotic disorder.
Informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report.