INTRODUCTION: Digital game addiction has become a diffuse problem among adolescents. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationships between digital game addiction, alexithymia personality traits and metacognitive problems in adolescents.
METHODS: 664 adolescents (51% male, n=339, 49% female, n=325) from three secondary school in Istanbul were included in this study. The mean age of male and female participants was 12.89±1.29, and 12.58±1.53 respectively. Digital game addiction scale for children (DGASFC), 20 item Toronto alexithymia scale (TAS-20), and the metacognition questionnaire for children and adolescents (MCQ-C) were applied to participants. The correlation coefficients between the scales were analyzed with Spearmen’s rank order correlation test. The predictability of TAS-20 and MCQ-C subscale scores, gender and age on the status of digital game addiction was tested with binary logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS: There were positive correlations between DGASFC and TAS-20 total (r=.275), factor 1 (r=.250), factor 2 (r=.159), factor 3 (r=.175) scores, and MCQ-C total (r=.180) and factor 1 (r=.109) scores. Results of the binary regression analysis revealed that TAS-20 factor 1 and factor 3, and MCQ-C factor 1 scores, and the gender predict the status of digital game addiction, significantly.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It is suggested that addressing the problems of identifying and expressing the emotions, and metacognitive problems may increase the treatment success of the adolescents presenting with digital game addiction.

INTRODUCTION: Incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in patients with severe mental disorders are higher than the general population. It was aimed to calculate the 10 year cardiovascular disease risk by using Framingham risk scoring (FRS) and investigate the relationship between this score and C-reactive protein in psychiatric inpatients of a university hospital.
METHODS: Inpatients with the diagnosis of major depression, bipolar disorders and psychotic disorders in six months time were included in the study.Participants were assessed based on their gender, age, body mass index, waist circumference, FRS, and CRP levels.
RESULTS: The calculated 10 year cardiovascular disease development risk did not differ between the diagnosis (p=0,39), but found to be significantly higher in males than females (p=0,002). FRS levels showed positive correlations with male gender (p=0,002), age (p=0,000), waist circumference (p=0,001), and body mass index (p=0,001).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: We have to evaluate coesisting somatic diseases of psychiatric patients as well as behavioral and psychological problems. Using FRS, evaluating body mass index and waist circumference could help us predict the risky population and we could consider our drug treatment choices accordingly.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this research is to examine the prevalance of internet addiction and relationship between internet addiction (IA) and eating attitudes and quality of life in Erzurum Atatürk University faculty students.
METHODS: A total of 466 faculty students from various faculties were included in the study. Sociodemographic data form created by researchers, Young Internet Addiction Scale (IAT), Obesity-Related Problems Scale (OR) and Eating Attitude Test-40 (EAT-40) were applied to the participants. Body Mass Index of the participants was calculated manually by the researchers.
RESULTS: 78.5 of the students were found to have IA. IA was found at a mild level in 52.6% of the students, moderate level in 24.2% and severe level in 1.7%. There was a positive correlation between the total score of IAT and the alcohol use and psychiatric history. There was only a statistically significant relationship between the severity of IA and OR. There was no statistically significant relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and EAT-40. When the IAT and BMI, EAT-40 and OR correlation were examined, only a statistically significant but weak relationship was found in OR.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Although there are some cross-sectional studies, revealing the significant relationship between IA and abnormal eating attitudes, there are also studies revealing no significant relationship. But it is clear that there is no definitive result with the limitations of the current studies.

INTRODUCTION: Drug abuse is an increasing public health problem in our country as well as worldwide. The incidence of drug abuse is about 2.7% in our country. Sociodemographic data about the treated persons are limited. This limitation may pose an obstacle in making policies and delivery of healthcare services. In this study, we aimed to reveal some sociodemographic features of the patients treated in an alcohol and substance addiction treatment center (ASATC) clinic in Bursa province.
METHODS: Files of 434 patients hospitalized and treated in an alcohol and drug addiction treatment center (ASATC) clinic in Bursa province were retrospectively screened, and sociodemographic data of the patients were obtained. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS v. 23 statistical software.
RESULTS: Of the 434 patients included in the study, 94.5% (n=410) were males and 5.5% (n=24) were female with a mean age of 31.95 ± 11.42 years. Looking to the types of drugs; 74% were addicted to multiple drugs (synthetic cannabis and methamphetamine) and 18.2% were alcohol abusers. When educational status of the patients was examined, majority (>70%) were found to be educated under 10 years. 41.2% of the patients were found to be the childrens of families that have migrated to Bursa province.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Addiction is an increasing public health. Making policies and interventions considering these sociodemographic factors would be the major step in fight against drugs.

INTRODUCTION: In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of the psychoeducation given to the caregivers of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia on the expressed emotion of caregivers and positive and negative syndrome scale of patients.

METHODS: The research was carried out between September 2012 and October 2013 with patients diagnosed with schizophrenia in the psychiatry outpatient clinic of a university on the western side and their caregivers. In the research, trial model with pre-test & post-test control group, one of the semi-experimental trial models, was used. A total of 107 patients and caregivers were invited to the study via phone numbers obtained from psychiatric outpatient clinic records. 17 of these were not reached and 28 patients and caregivers refused to participate in the study. The research was conducted with 62 patients and caregivers who agreed to participate in the study. Two of the 32 caregivers who constituted the control group refused to provide information for follow-up evaluations. While patients in both the study and control groups were treated as usual, eight sessions of psychoeducation were administered to the caregivers in the study group for two semesters, one month. Percentage, standard deviation and arithmetic mean were calculated for evaluation of demographic information. In the pretest-posttest evaluation, the differences between the two matched groups were tested. Repeated measures variance analysis was applied to examine the effect of family education on the participants' expressed emotion scores.

RESULTS: As a result of the analysis of variance, it was found that the change in the expressed emotion scores of the family members was moderate and significant effect of psychoeducation (F1.58=20.55; p<0.05; ηp2=0.265). As a result of two-way mixed variance analysis a significant decrease in positive (ηp2=0.57), negative (ηp2=0.50), general psychopathology (ηp2=0.59) and total (ηp2=0.64) PANSS scores during the follow-up period of psychoeducation caregivers. It is determined to be.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In this study, it was found that the expressed emotion scores of caregivers who participating in education decreased. On the other hand it was found that the expressed emotion scores of caregivers in the study group increased and PANSS scores of patients who received care were decreased. For this reason, psychoeducation programs should be added to daily psychiatric clinic practices and community mental health center practices.

INTRODUCTION: Traumas are the experiences which can lead to serious emotional, psychological, cognitive and behavioral problems for child and adolescent. Traumatic events are the insistent events like natural disasters such as earthquake, floods, childhood neglect and abuse, forced abduction, traffic accidents, the diagnosis of a life-threatening illness. In this study, it was aimed to share the findings obtained from a specialized trauma outpatiet clinic for patients who were referred to Kocaeli University Child and Adolescent Psychiatry outpatient unit, emergency and forensic outpatient clinic and child protection unit due to their traumatic experiences.
METHODS: The follow-up and evaluation of 81 patients who were followed-up at the trauma outpatient clinic between July 2015 and January 2016 were retrospectively reviewed; sociodemographic data, gender, type of trauma and diagnostic distributions were analyzed.
RESULTS: 11 of the patients were male (13.5%) and 70 were female (86.5%) and the mean age was 13.13 ± 2.85 years. It was observed that 65 patients (80.3%) had sexual abuse and 16 patients (19.7%) were admitted to clinic after traumatic experiences such as loss of limb, parental loss, vehicle accident. Exposure to sexual abuse was significantly higher in girls than in boys (x2: 9.72; p<0.05). 10 patients (12.3%) were not diagnosed with any psychiatric disorder, 71 patients met the diagnostic criteria of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Of those diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder, 7 were male and 64 were female. PTSD was observed more frequently in girls (x2: 6.78; p<0.01).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The risk of exposure to traumatic experiences of children and adolescents is increasing nowadays; in our study, it was aimed to emphasize the importance of a specialized polyclinic setting which is followed and treated for traumatized child and adolescent patients.

INTRODUCTION: Self-disgust is experienced toward one’s own behavioral, physical appearance or personality. Recent studies have emphasized the role of self-directed disgust in the development of several emotional and behavioral problems, especially depression. Self-disgust is also considered an important concept having potential to highlight not only many clinical but also social mechanisms. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to translate Self-Disgust Scale Revised that is a self-report tool assessing the level of self-directed disgust, into Turkish and to examine its psychometric properties.
METHODS: The study was carried out with 382 volunteer undergraduate students (310 females and 72 males) between the ages 18 and 29. In addition to Self-Disgust Scale Revised, Beck Depression Inventory, Positive and Negative Affect Scale, Psychological Well-Being Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Disgust Scale (Revised) were administered during data collection.
RESULTS: The result of the explanatory factor analysis supported the original factor structure indicating that the general self-disgust consisted two dimensions, named as, behavioral and physical appearance based disgust. The reliability analyses also revealed that total scale and the subscales of behavioral and appearance self-disgust had high internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Additionally, the divergent and convergent validity of the scale were confirmed with the correlation between the scale and the other variables in the study. The results also indicated that self-disgust differed from general disgust sensitivity.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The overall findings of the study revealed that, Turkish version of the Self-Disgust Scale-Revised was an instrument to assess self-directed disgust with satisfactory reliablity and validity values.

INTRODUCTION: Purpose of the study is to develop an auxiliary tool that can be used by experts working in the clinical settings for psychological support processes to adults diagnosed with simple phobia. In that realm, one another related aim is also to evaluate the effectiveness of the developed tool via behavioral and physiological measurements.

METHODS: Eleven participants diagnosed with specific phobia (7 females X ̅age=38.57, SD=8.89; 4 males X ̅age=41.75, SD=13.07) by mental health specialist were exposed to virtual reality scenarios in a systematic desensitization manner. There were 6 person with cynophobia, 2 with arachnophobia, 1 with acrophobia and 2 with claustrophobia. Each of four phobia scenario sessions consisted of diffferent number of stages to be completed. None of the participants were received any drug medication for phobia before and also during the study. In addition to physiological meaurements like galvanic skin response (GSR) and heart rate (HR), subjective units of distress scale (SUDS) measurements were also taken before and after exposure to each stage as dependent variables. To compare different phobia scenarios, minimum, maximum and peak-to-peak amplitude values of the first and last exposure to the most feared stimuli for physiological records and first and last exposure SUDS values again for the most feared stimuli were analyzed with Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test.
RESULTS: The most fear/anxiety procuding stimuli comparisons for the first (pre-test) and the last (post-test) exposures in SUDS, GSR and HR measurements indicated that there was significant decrements in post-test measurements with respect to the ones for pre-tests.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Analyses of behavioral and physiological measurements obtained from the participants showed that the learned-fear-responses have a tendency to extinct after being exposed to the relevant stimuli virtually. Thus, virtual reality applications can be effectively usable in the treatment of specific phobias.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the relation between psychiatric diagnoses and internet usage in a clinical sample of adolescents and determine the pattern of internet use.

METHODS: Adolescents aged 13-17 years who admitted to a child-adolescent psychiatry outpatient clinic for some emotional or behavioral problems were included. Psychopathologies were evaluated via clinicial interview and sociodemographic form and internet addiction scale were applied to be fulfilled. p <.05 was accepted to be significant for dual comparisons, p<.017 for triple and p<.012 for quadriple comparisons.

RESULTS: There were 161 adolescents with 64% (n = 103) of all were girls. Internet usage and internet addiction scale variables pointed out that there was a relation between age, internet usage duration and internet addiction. Psychiatric diagnoses distribution was significantly higher among adolescents as 73.9% of all had at least one psychiatric disorder. Major depressive disorder was found to be significantly higher in addictive and risky groups.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Findings point out that there is a relation between internet addiction and psychiatric disorders especially major depressive disorder. These results could support the studies in this field as adolescents who have any psychiatric disorders ought to be evaluated for internet addiction.

INTRODUCTION: In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the psychiatric consultations required for inpatients in an education-research hospital and to examine the correct recognition rates of psychiatric diseases by other physicians.
METHODS: Psychiatric consultations for patients who were hospitalized at Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital except psychiatry and emergency department had been retrospectively screened between 01/04/2016 - 01/10/2016.
RESULTS: During this period, 27457 patients were hospitalized in Ankara Numune Hospital apart from the emergency department and psychiatric services, and a total of 544 (1.9%) psychiatric consultations were requested. Psychiatric consultations were most frequently requested with the reason of agitation (17.5%); 16.9% did not specify any reason. Anxiety (8.3%), drug treatment regulation (6.1%), delirium (5.5%), sleep problems(5.3%) and pre-transplant evaluation (4.4%) are other common causes of consultation. The highest rate of psychiatric consultation was in the bone marrow transplant unit (21.0%) followed by infectious diseases (9.6%), intensive care (9.5%) and physical medicine and rehabilitation (9.0%). There was no psychiatric disease in 29.4% of the requested consultations. 149 patients (27.4%), were diagnosed with anxiety disorder,70 patients (12.9%) with delirium, 37 patients (6.8%) with depression, 22 patients (3.7%) with alcohol / substance use disorder, 20 (3.7%) patients with psychotic disorder, 15 patients (2.8%) with trauma related disorders, and 2 patients (0.4%) were diagnosed with somatization disorder. Delirium had the highest rate of recognition by primary medical care providers (89.5%), followed by anxiety disorders (55.6) and alcohol-substance use disorders (53.3%).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In this study, psychiatric consultation rates were found to be low, psychotic disorders and somatization disorders are not well recognized even though delirium is well known by primary medical care providers

Pica and rumination disorder are described under the heading of nutrition and eating disorders in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th ed. In children and adolescents there is limited epidemiological data for both disorders. Psychosocial and biochemical factors come to the forefront in etiology. Particularly low socioeconomic level, neglect, abuse, inadequate maternal-child interaction and strong association of disorders have been shown. The relationship between pica and micronutrient deficiencies, including iron, calcium and zinc, is well defined. Children with developmental disabilities are more at risk for many problem behaviors, but pica is especially important because it can result in life-threatening medical consequences. It is thought that oesophageal reflux may be a predisposition to ruminating behavior but is the main cause of psychosocial problems and / or impairment of operant conditioning. Even though spontaneous remission is frequent in rumination disorder, secondary complications such as progressive malnutrition, dehydration and resistance to diseases may develop. Currently, no evidence-based treatment protocol exists specifically for pica and rumination disorders. The treatments emphasize psychosocial, environmental, behavioral and family guidance approaches. There is a need for randomized controlled trials to develop strong clinical recommendations for the treatment of these disorders. Suggestions for future research include identifying supported therapies and prevention programs focused on early determinants of nutrition and eating disorders. This review, based on recent research, summarizes diagnostic criteria, clinical features and treatment options for both disorders.

It is known that ethical issues frequently become the main topic of conversation in psychiatry services. Healthcare professionals, who face ethical problems, seek to overcome them via laws, regulations and institutional legislations. However, these systems are not always influential in solving the problems and moral integrity of the individuals are negatively affected. Moral distress was originally defined as occurring when a healthcare personnel knows the right thing to do, but institutional constraints make it nearly impossible to pursue the right course of action and it is common event in psychiatric field. Moral distress is affected by external (institutional), clinical and individual factors depending on the characteristics of healthcare service system, healthcare personnel and service receiver group. Furthermore, moral distress negatively affects the health, care quality of the healthcare personnel and patient safety. This review has been prepared with a view to drawing attention to the concept of moral distress, which has significant effects on the health of healthcare personnel and service quality, analyzing it specifically in psychiatry field.

Many risk factors have been identified for suicidal behaviors however suicidal contagion and suicide clustering phenomenon have been focused only in recent years. Suicidal contagion has been defined as ‘Werther effect’ which refers to the suicidal attempts of young individuals after exposure to suicides of famous people. Suicide cluster means an unexpected increase in suicidal behaviours at certain periods in certain regions. The suicide of a close friend or exposure to suicide-related contents in the media can be a precipitating factor for suicidal behavior particularly in adolescents and vulnerable individuals. In this case report, an adolescent who attempted suicide 3 weeks after her friend's suicide, will be discussed and the literature related to the suicide contagion and clustering will be reviewed.
19-year-old female patient was admitted to our clinic with complaints of unhappiness, unwillingness, sleep and appetite problems. Her complaints started aproximately 1 month ago after having relational problems with her boyfriend. When she was under treatment in our clinic, her close friend committed suicide. She attempted suicide about 1 month later after the suicide of her friend. Although she had some suicidal risk factors such as the presence of depressive symptoms, history of suicide attempts, she never enounced suicidal ideation in previous sessions. The suicide of her friend was considered as an an important trigger for her suicidal attempt.
The aim of this case report is to raise awareness about suicide contagion and to discuss the precautions.

Catatonia was first introduced by Karl Kahlbaum at 1874. Catatonia is a syndrome that includes catalepsy, waxy flexibility, stupor, negativism, mutism, and echolalia. At first, it was linked with just schizophrenia for many years but it is currently known that this disorder may occur with other medical conditions and psychiatric disorders especially mood disorders. Several complications especially pulmonary, genitourinary, gastrointestinal may occur with catatonia. Here, we aimed to report a case of urinary retention associated with catatonia and treated with ECT and benzodiazepine. As a result, urinary retention and globe vesicale should be considered in patients presented with catatonia and it should be treated urgently.