Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the cerebral blood flow and the electrical activity by measuring SPECT and EEG findings in children with ADHD and to evaluate their relation with behavioral symptoms and cognitive functions. Method: Twenty-one children with ADHD and 12 children who did not have a diagnosis of disruptive behavior disorder were included in the study (age: 9-13; mean SD: 10.24 1.69). All of the children were evaluated by using WISC-R, EEG, and SPECT. The parents and the teachers filled the Conner's Rating Scale for Parents (CPRS), the Conner's Rating Scale for Teachers (CTRS), and the DSM-IV Based Behavior Disorders Screening and Rating Scale. During the ECD injection Stroop Test was applied as an activation method before 30 minutes of SPECT procedure. Results: The reduction of blood flow in the right frontal basal and the right total frontal lobe compared to the left side of children with ADHD was statistically significant in comparison with controls. EEG findings in the ADHD group showed paroxysmal abnormalities in varying degrees. The ADHD children with pathological EEG results showed more severe symptoms than children with normal EEG findings according to the scales filled by the parents and the teachers. Conclusion: The results indicated that ADHD is a neuropsychiatric disorder in which the functional and the electrophysiologic abnormalities of the brain may play a role in the etiology and symptom severity.

Objective: In this study, we studied affective temperaments and comorbid axis II personality disorder prevalence in single and recurrent major depressive disorder patients. Method: 136 patients who had been diog- nosed as major depression were included, 83 patients completed the study. Patients1 axis I diagnoses were evaluated by Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID-I). Patients1 temperaments and axis II personalities were evaluated with TEMPS-A (Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego) and SCID-II. Questionnaire and interview were applied after patients completed 8 weeks effective antidepressant treatment and response was measured by least % 50 improvement in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Results: Patients with recurrent major depression had more dominant temperaments and dominant depressive temperament compared to those with single episode. Furthermore, we compared the mean temperament scores for single or recurrent type depressive disorder, and existence of axis II personality disorder. According to the results, the mean scores of depressive and irritabl temperaments were higher in recurrent depressive disorder, besides the mean scores for depressive, cychlothymic, irritable and anxious temperaments were significantly higher in patients with comorbid axis II personality disorder. Conclusion: The results of this study supports that patients with recurrent major depression have more affective temperaments than patients with single major depressive episode. Besides, mean score of affective temperaments level was higher in patients with comorbid axis II personality disorder.

Objective: The aim of this retrospective study was to estimate changes in the prescription patterns for inpatients diagnosed with mood disorders between 1999 and 2004. Method: A total of 1218 consecutive admissions to the general hospital adult psychiatry unit as inpatients in 2004 and 1999 were examined. The demographic characteristics of patients and the prescribed drugs including antipsychotics, antidepressants and mood stabilizers were evaluated. Chi-square and t-tests were used for analysis. Results: The patients diagnosed as mood disorders according to the criteria of DSM-IV of this inpatient group comprised 146 patients (64 patients for 1999 and 82 patients for 2004). The findings from this study showed that antipsychotic drug prescription rates and atypical antipsychotic prescription rates increased significantly from 60.0% to 91.2% between 1999 and 2004 while typical antipsychotic prescription rates decreased from 40% to 8.8% within this period. Antidepressant and mood stabilizer prescription rates were not different between 1 999 and 2004. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that changes in prescription patterns of patients with mood disorders in this study are similiar to literature. Further studies are required to determine the factors effecting prescription patterns that are not recommended by current practice guidelines or evidence based studies.

Objective: The aim of this descriptive study was to determine anxiety and depression level of patients before Magnetic Resonance and Computer Tomography procedures. Method: The study has been done between April 2006 and April 2007. We used the radiology unit of Training and Research Hospital of The University of Celal Bayar Medical School, which is located in Manisa province of Turkey as the research setting. There were 116 patients in the study. Data has been collected by using questionnaire which included sociodemographics and Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale. Data was analysed by SPSS 13.0 version. Medium, percentage, Independent sample t test, ANOVA and correlation analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results: Mean age was 41.36±14.78. The majority of the patients in the study sample was female ( 64.3%). The mean score of Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale before Magnetic Resonance and Computer Tomography was 8.2±3.8 (0- 20). Taking 10 as cutting point, 63.7% of patients had anxiety. Mean score was 7.7±2.5 (0-21). Taking 7 as cutting point depression was present among 12.5 % of patients. Conclusion: The results in this study suggest a role for Magnetic Resonance and Computer Tomography on anxiety and depression levels of patients. The Magnetic Resonance and Computer Tomography procedures effected anxiety and depression level of patients in this study. This negative effect was caused by the anxiety and fear, the patients felt before Magnetic Resonance and Computer Tomography procedures.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neuropsychiatric disorder characterized with mainly inattention, hyperactivity and impulsion in childhood. Recent data suggests that biological and psychosocial factors act together in the etiology of ADHD. Despite the studies investigating etiological factors, specific reasons have not been identifed yet. Advances in brain imaging techniques, together with increasing number of the etiological studies about neurodevelop- mental disorders like ADHD, provided comparision of the findings with genetic studies, response to therapy and neurophyscological test results. Decrease of entire brain volume, and prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, especially caudate nucleus and globus pallidus, cerebellum, and increase in volume of posterior region of brain found in most of the structural imaging studies. In the functional brain imaging studies about local cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism, during resting decreased local blood flow and glucose metabolism was reported in the prefrontal cortex and cerebellar regions and also an increase in local blood flow and glucose metabolism was reported in parieto-occipital cortex but after phsycostimulant therapy these findings tend to return normal levels. Similar to these findings during neurophyscological tests, differences are determined in the activation of prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and striatum. Despite brain imaing techniques are not used as a diagnostic tool or determiner of treatment response, these techniques have an important role to understand the etiopathogenesis of this disorder. In this study we aimed to analyse brain imaging studies investigating structural and functional changes related to ADHD.

Epilepsy is the most common childhood neurologic disorder, affecting 0.5% to 1% of children younger than the age of 16 years old. It can be accompanied by changes in cognition and behaviour and can be associated with psychiatric disorders.The increased risk for psychiatric symptoms in epilepsy can be related to biological, pharmacological, environmental or psychosocial factors. Pychiatric disorders associated with epilepsy may precede, co-occur with or follow a diagnosis of epilepsy. Sometimes diagnosis of epilepsy is made according to psychiatric symptoms without clinic epileptic seizures. Psychosis of epilepsy includes a group of disorder that are associated with epileptic seizures. This diagnosis comprise interictal psychosis, postictal psychosis, ictal psychosis and altenative psychosis. It is suggested that recurrence of some forms of psychosis of epilepsy may be closely linked to seizure exacerbation. Although ictal and postictal psychosis can be prevented with seizure control, all forms of epileptic psychosis require multidisciplinary intervention. Early recognition and treatment of psychotic symptoms can reduce lifelong negative impact of these symptoms. In this report, we present an psychosis of epilepsy case who report episodic visual and auditory hallucinations and have active focal epilepsy detected by electroencephalogram. The purpose of this report to discuss clinic aspect of psychosis of epilepsy with the related literature and to emphasize that in all psychiatric patients who were suspected for organic etiology, complete history, physical and neurological examinations and appropriate testing are essential for identify primer diagnosis.