Objectives: Identity development has long been acknowledged as a central psychosocial task for adolescents. In recent years it is suggested that identity development starts during adolescent years but it has been completed throughout "emerging adulthood" period. Although the relationship between identity status and various psycho-social variables have been well-documented the relationship between identity status with those of individualization during emerging adulthood has not been studied. Thus, the first aim of the present study is to investigate individualization types in emerging adulthood and its relationship with identity status. Method: A total of 700 individuals from two different educational background participated in the study (university students n=343 and “forgotten half n=357). Of these 37.9 % (n=265) were male and 62.1% (n=435) were female. The age of the participants ranged from 19 to 26 with a mean of 23.5 (SD=1.4). "The Ego Identity Status Scale" and "Multi-Measure Agentic Personality Scale" were utilized. Frequency and percent analysis, t- test, MANOVA and cluster analyses were the primary statistics. Results: The results demonstrated that there were two individualization types namely developing individualization and default individualization during transition to adulthood, and identity status differed according to individualization types. Conclusion: The results are discussed in relation to the contribution of individualization types to the identity status for Turkish emerging adults. Key Words: Transition to adulthood, individualization, identity status, forgotten-half.

Objectives: Pregnancy is one of stressful periods in the life of a woman and often combines with anxiety and depression. In this study we aimed to determine the presence of depression and anxiety and their relationship between socio-demographic characteristics in the first trimester of pregnancy by using the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD). Method: A total of 111 pregnant women who have not any psychiatric disorder before were included in the study group. The demographic characteristics and the obstetric histories of the patients were recorded. In order to investigate presence of psychiatric disorders, PRIME-MD patient questionnaire was used. Results: Of the 111 women in the study group 55.8% (n=62) had one or more psychiatric symptoms with the assessment by PRIME-MD system. 21.6% (n=24) of them had both anxiety and depression symptoms. The rate of anxiety and depression were significantly high in pregnant women who were >30 years of age. It was found that depression and anxiety were increased as the number of the pregnancies increased (p=0.034, p=0.03, respectively). The rate of depression was high in pregnant women who did not planned pregnancy (p=0.001). Conclusion: Pregnant women are a risk group for the development of anxiety and depression. Considering this situation, physicians working in primary health care can do psychiatric evaluation at follow-up of pregnant women by using tools such as PRIME-MD. Thus, with early diagnosis and treatment of the present disorder the complications that constitute risk for the health of the mother and the child can be prevented.

Objectives: The present study aimed at investigating variables related to problem solving styles in university students in Turkey. Accordingly, personality traits, hopelessness, helplessness and haplessness levels and their prediction power on problem solving styles are aimed to be examined. Method: For these purposes 165 university students completed questionnaires mentioned above. Results: Findings of the analyses revealed that income level was a predictor of Mindful and Self-confident Problem Solving Approaches. After demographic variables were controlled, significant relationship was found among "Conscientiousness" personality trait and Impatient, Avoidant, Self-confident and Planned Problem Solving Approaches. Moreover, a significant relationship was found among "Negative Valence" and Evaluative and Avoidance Problem Solving Approaches. Results also displayed that Openness was as a predictor of Mindful, Evaluative, Self-confident and Planned Problem Solving Approaches. Neuroticism was as a predictor of only Planned Problem Solving Approach. Beside all of these, significant relationship was found among Hopelessness and Mindful and Self-confident Problem Solving Approaches. Helplessness had a negative and significant relationship with Avoidance and Planned Problem Solving Approaches. Haplessness predicted only Impatient Problem Solving Approach. Conclusion: The results were discussed in the light of the related literature and dependent recommendations to the area were given.

Objectives: The objective of this study is to call attention to suicide which is the most significant problem for emergency departments, and to determine some risk factors so that suicide prevention studies may benefit. Method: This study was performed by analyzing the medical records of 291 patients who referred to Emergency Department of Sivas Numune Hospital and filled up "Suicide Attempt Record Form" between January 01, 2011 and December 31, 2012 following the acquisition of relevant study permissions. Results: Suicide attempts were higher in women, and between 1 5 and 24 years old age-range; in singles; in people who graduated from a high school or a lower degree; in unemployed, in housewives, in people who had drug abusion; in those having mental problems, and problems with opposite gender, particularly familial problems, communication problems, domestic violence, economic problems as well as school problems in younger people, and in those having prior suicide attempt and psychiatric treatment histories. Conclusion: We once again determined the risk factors of suicide in our region. In order to prevent suicide, only conducting researches is not sufficient. The preventive strategies should be developed and applied with the assistance of data acquired. It is crucial to regard attempting suicide as a public health problem, and act to build preventive measures. Keywords: Suicide, psychiatry, society, risk factors.

Cigarette smoking kills and leads to many medical disorders. Smoking does not cause behavioral problems but during cessation and withdrawal phase mental symptoms occur that are comparable to psychiatric inpatient symptom levels, depending on the quantity consumed regularly. When a person inhales smoke from a cigarette, it is absorbed rapidly into the pulmonary venous circulation. It then enters the arterial circulation and moves quickly to the brain. Cessation of cigarette smoking has been estimated to increase life expectancy among smokers who stopped at the age of 35 years by 6.9 to 8.5 years for men and 6.1 to 7.7 years for women. The disease burden related to smoking has begun to decline in countries such as the UK, US and Australia, which have progressively introduced strict prevention. Approximately 10%-15% of active smokers will go on to develop cancer and 87% of all lung cancers can be attributed to smoking. Smoking is also related to the development of cancers of the pancreas, kidney, bladder, stomach, and cervix. Effective treatments for nicotine dependence has been developed in the last 30 years. There are psychotropic drugs used alone or in combination.While nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion and veranicline are the first line treatment, clonidine and nortriptyline are second line. Nicotine vaccine and other potential treatment approaches have also been investigated. Association studies reveal that genetic polymorphism is a factor both in initiation of smoking and development of dependence. By using pharmacogenetic techniques individual differences for the required drug treatment might be understood. Thus the selection of the most appropriate pharmacotherapy can be done by considering the behavioral and pharmacological profiles of the patient.Treatment of cigarette smoking should be individualized.

Varenicline is the latest smoking cessation medication approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It is partially agonistic to the a.4 p2 subtype nicotinic acetyl- cholinergic receptors. When varenicline is binded to these receptors, it stimulates them with a lower activity then nicotine (agonism). It also inhibits nicotines' activation on these receptors (antagonism). So the dopaminergic mezolymbic system can not be activated. Post marketing case reports, observations about vareni- clin, caused some concerns about this pharmaceuticals potential side effects. Varenicline may cause some psychiatric side effects. Cefuroxim is an antibiotic that can pass all the body fluids including serebro spinal fluid. No neurological side effects noticed with cefoxitine except seizure which is very rarely seen. We presented an obsessive compulsive disorder which is induced by addition of cefuroxime to varenicline. It is possible that varenicline caused obsessive compulsive disorder by, activating nicotinergic type cholinergic receptors especially at amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex by partial agonism, dopaminergic stimulation, serotonergic reuptake inhibition by nicotinergic blockage and drug interaction with cefuroxime. We wanted to attract attention to the importance of psychiatric evaluation before and after the treatment, informing of patient about the possible psychiatric side effects and drug interaction.

Fluoxetine is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. Racemic fluoxetine consists of R- and S-fluoxetine. Its S-enantiomer is pharmacologically more active. Fluoxetine's mechanism of action is primarily that of an SSRI. Security and favorable side- effect profile, as well as the lack of affinity for multiple receptors which are mediated by adverse effects associated with TCA seperate fluoxetine and other SSRIs from TCA. SSRIs possibly induce agitation, anxiety, sleep disturbance, tremor, sexual dysfunction, headache, and nausea by increasing 5HT in central nervous system (CNS). Cardiovascular side effects are not common among SSRIs. Mostly reported side effects, except arrhyt- mia, are hypotension and its incidence is 29.3%. In the literature, a study conducted on rats, the relationship between prenatal exposure to fluoxetine and pulmonary hypertension has been shown, however there is no case of hypertension following dose increase. In literature, there is no reports abaout relationship between fluoxetine and hypertension. Among SSRIs, there is only one reported hypertension case during essitalopram usage and its causal link was declared to be unclear. Here we report a 48- years-old woman diagnosed with depression and treated with fluoxetine who has developed hypertension following the dose increase to 40 mg/day. After decreasing the dosage to 20 mg/day the blood pressure returned to normal range.