Objective: Endemic goiter and iodine deficiency is an important public health problem particularly some areas of Turkey as it has been all over the world. The association between iodine deficiency and poor mental and psychomotor development is known. This study is planned to determine the effects of iodine deficiency on the components of intelligence. Method: 905 children (410 girls, 495 boys) aged between 6-12 (9.16 1.92) and attending to the primary schools in Gölbaşı Ankara, which is an endemic goitre region, are scanned in terms of goitre. 157 children (77 girls, 80 boys) whose diagnosis has become definite after the thyroid ultrasonography, which has been applied to 225 children, who have been diagnosed as goitre with palpation as a result of the health research, and 120 children (60 girls, 60 boys) who were not diagnosed as goitre but have similar properties in terms of age, sex and socio-economic level form the sample group of this study. All children in the study are examined with Wechler Intelligence Scale for Children. Results: When we assess the mental functions, children with goitre got fewer scores in the Information, Digit Span, Comprehension, all Performance Scale subtests, Verbal Scale and Total Scale of WISC-R than the children in the control group. Conclusion: It is seen that there is an important rate of goitre owing to iodine deficiency in the region and that the cognitive functions are negatively affected by this.

Objective: The aim of this study is to search the Attention Deficiency Hyperactivity Disorder rates in parents of children with Attention Deficiency Hyperactivity Disorder. Method: K-SADS were completed by 69 Attention Deficiency Hyperactivity Disorder in children and Wender Utah Rating Scale were used to evaluate Attention Deficiency Hyperactivity Disorder by their parents. Same scales were used to evaluate control group. Student-t test, mann-whitney U test were used for continuous variables and chi care test for discontinuous variables. Results: 23 parents (33.8%) from the study group and 2 (6.3%) from the control group had adult Attention Deficiency Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms. The difference was significant of 69 Attention Deficiency Hyperactivity Disorder child parents, 27 patients (39.1%) had Wender Utah Rating Scale scores higher than the cut-off. The difference between the study and the control groups was statistically significant. Conclusion: Attention Deficiency Hyperactivity Disorder in childhood and adulthood was more prevalent in parents of children with Attention Deficiency Hyperactivity Disorder. Wender Utah Rating Scale is a reliable scale in assessing childhood symptoms in adults for Attention Deficiency Hyperactivity Disorder in childhood.

Limbic system is a subject that both psychiatry and neurology deal with. Studies have shown that patients present with changes in mood, personality, social functioning and behavior in focal temperolimbic lesions. It is thought that a lesion in temporolimbic region can both psychiatric and neurologic symptoms. Temporal lobe epilepsy, stroke, trauma and tumors in temporal lobe may present with anxiety and affective symptoms. Therefore neurological disorders involving the temporal lobe should be considered differential diagnosis is important for psychiatric disorders. This article reviews temporal lobe disorders, especially temporal lobe epilepsy, stroke, trauma and tumors presenting with psychiatric symptoms. Studies indicate that hippocampus, amygdala, cortical and subcortical areas mainly act in the formation of affect and behavior while temporolimbic areas are related to mood, anxiety and behavioral disorders. Although many disorders are connected to temporal lobe lesions, most of the symptoms may not be explained solely by damage to temporal lobe or its laterality. More studies are needed to demonstrate the neu- robiological network involved in changes of mood and behavior.

Schizophrenia is a highly heterogenous disorder with respect to its clinical symptoms, prognosis, treatment response, cognitive dysfunctions and pathophysiology which complicates diagnosis, treatment and clinical research. Several subtypes and categorizations were developed in order to understand and homogenize this disorder. As one of these subtypes, simple schizophrenia has a historical priority, although its diagnostic validity is still questionable. Simple schizophrenia resembles "negative schizophrenia" which was defined by Andreasen, "psychomotor poverty syndrome" which was defined by Liddle and "deficit syndrome" which was defined by Carpenter. But simple schizophrenia is differentiated from all these concepts by the total exception of positive symptoms. So, it was suggested as a subgroup of "negative schizophrenia". However, exception of positive sym- poms lowers the diagnostic validity of this disorder especially at the cross-sectional evaluation. Also, simple schizophrenia should be differentiated from other substitutes like schizotypal and schizoid personality disorders which are also characterized by negative symptoms. Simple schizophrenia was replaced from diagnostic systems and it was not sufficiently studied due to its rare occurence and difficult diagnosis. Unfortunately, the results of few existing studies can not be generalized because of their small sample sizes. However, in clinical practice there are some patients with predominant negative symptoms, poor social and occupational functioning and poor antipsychotic response whom can not be neglected. Therefore multi- centered studies are needed. In this paper, simple schizophrenia will be discussed in a historical perspective and previous studies will be reviewed.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to examine the tolerability and the onset of antidepressant action of mirtazapine. Method: Twenty adult outpatients with major depresion were treated with mirtazapine and assessed at baseline, and after 1,2,3, 4, and 8 weeks by the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Montgomery- Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), and Clinical Global Impression-Severity of Illness and Clinical Global Impression-Global Improvement scales. The onset of action was measured by a reduction of more than 50% from baseline on HDRS and MADRS. Remission was defined as an HDRS score under 7. Udvalg for Kiliske Undersegelser (UKU) was used to assess the tolerability. Results: The reductions from baseline on both HDRS and MADRS were significant starting from week 1. HDRS was reduced by 46% on week 2 (n=19), and by 61 % on week 3 (n=18). HDRS score reduced to 7 by week 4 (n=15). Evaluating the side effects, increased dream activity (16%), weight gain (14%), sleepiness / sedation (12%), and increased duration of sleep (12%) were the most frequent. The weight gain was significant between the baseline and the last visit (x2=24.329, df=5, p=0.0001). Conclusion: Mirtazapine, known as an NaSSA with its noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant action, seems to be a good choice in treatment of major depression with its rapid onset antidepressant activity and favorable tolerability.

We present a case with a history of bipolar disorder who developed signs and symptoms consistent with Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) after one day of treatment with single dose intramuscular olanzapine and the positive response to electroconvulsive treatment (ECT). The patient presented with severe elevated temperature, tremors, labile blood pressure, muscular rigidity, diaphoresis, mutism and mental status changes that had progressed over the preceeding 24 hours after one day of treatment with single dose intramuscular olanzapine. Laboratory data revealed Creatinine phosphokinase (CK) as 1863 U/L Urine drug screening failed to reveal any evidence of amphetamine, cocaine, tricylic antidepressant, opiate, cannabis, barbiturate, or benzodiazepine exposure. Leukocyte count was 5150/uL, with a hemoglobin of 12.6g %, and a hematocrit of 39.7%. The patient's serum sodium level was 144 mmol/L, potassiums.4 mmol/L, chloride 122 mmol/L and a creatinine 0.80 mg/dl. A computud tomography ( CT ) scan of the head were also performed and were reported as normal. Neurologic or infectious states were ruled out and the patient was diagnosed as NMS according to DSM IV criteria. The patient was admitted to the supportive care. In this case report, NMS was successfully treated with eighteen bilateral ECT under general anesthesia. Although, cases of olanzapine induced NMS were reported in the literature, our case, presenting NMS after a single dose olanzapine IM, is different from the previous ones.