Objective: To compare the neurocognitive processes characteristic to analogous stages of dementia that is rated by using Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Reisberg Global Deterioration Scale (RGDS) and to compare the overlapping of the analogous stages. Method: Sixty volunteers with memory complaints (age: 72.6±9.2; level of education: minimum 5 years; 36 females, 24 males). Diagnosis was made according to DSM-IV and NINCDS-ADRDA. Exclusion criteria: being medicated, neurological and psychiatric disorders other than Azheimer type dementia (ATD), above normal level of depression. Dementia was rated by both MMSE and RGDS. Neurocog nitive processes including attention, memory, cognitive capacity, vocabulary/semantic memory, executive functions were measured using neuropsychological tests that had been extensively studied for the Turkish culture. Results: There was a significant effect of stage of dementia (obtained using MMSE and RGDS) on scores pertaining to attention, memory and cognitive capacity. There was an incomplete overlap of analogous stages of MMSE and RGDS; the same participant could be located in different stages of dementia by the two scales. The pattern of neurocog nitive disorders in consecutive stages of RGDS was consistent with the literature. Meanwhile, in a given RGDS stage, multiple stages of MMSE could be represented. Conclusion: The findings of the present study showed that MMSE should be used with caution when deciding on the dementia stage of patients. Findings further pointed to the necessity for using more than one rating scale when classifying cases into levels of dementia.

Reliability and Validity of the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia in Turkish Demented Patients Objective: Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder among patients with dementia. The aim of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia. The scale was developed specifically to assess signs and symptoms of major depression in dementia on the basis of two semi-structured interviews; an interview with an informant and an interview with the patient. Method: The study was carried out with 45 (43%) demented patients attending to the psychiatry outpatient unit of a university hospital and 60 (57%) demented patients from four different nursing homes in Istanbul. All participants were fulfilling the DSM-IV criteria for dementia. Besides the Turkish version of Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I), Mini Mental State Examination, Geriatric Depression Scale, Global Deterioration Scale and sociodemographic data form developed by the researchers were applied to all participants. The validity study was based on comparisons between total score of the scale and diagnosis established by using SCID-I. Results: A high test-retest reliability (r: 0.88) and internal consistency (a: 0.79) were found. The total score and items of the scale were discriminated demented patients with depression from demented patients without depression except for item 1 5. Conclusion: The Turkish version of Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia is a reliable and valid instrument in investigating depression in dementia.

Objective: In this study, it has been aimed to investigate self-esteem levels of the students of Cumhuriyet University College of Physical Education and Sports and the relation of self-esteem levels with some sociodemographic characteristics. Method: Two hundred eighty-six students participated the study. Sociodemographic data collection form and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale was applied to the participants. SPSS 15.0 for Windows was used to evaluate data. Results: One hundred and eighty- three (%64) students were male, 103 (%36) of them were female; 189 (%66.1) were in branch of sports teaching, and 97 (%33.9) were in sports training branch; 160 (%60.6) were in team sport, while 104 of them (%39.4) were in individual sports. The mean points of relying on other people and day dreaming subscales in 21 years old and below was statistically significantly higher than 22 years and older. The mean points of stability of self-image, psychosomatic symptoms, and parental interest subscales in females was statistically significantly higher than males and the levels of relying on other people and intensity of discussion was lower than males. The mean point of relying on other people subscale in team sports group was statistically significantly higher than individual sports group. Psychosomatic mean point was higher in the third class students than other classes. Conclusion: The results of our study suggest that the level of self-esteem in students is medium-high level, and it is increased by age, and is higher in those doing team sports and in those who have a higher income level.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a childhood disorder that may persist during adulthood. ADHD may effect patient's social relations, academic performance and professional life. ADHD effects 30 to 50 percent of adults who are diagnosed with ADHD during childhood. Many adults with ADHD may also have co- morbid psychiatric disorders, including anxiety disorders, mood disorders, impulse control disorders, substance use disorders and personality disorders. The aim of the current review was to review the reflections of ADHD symptoms from childhood through adulthood and to discuss psychiatric comorbidity. In the first part of the review the definition and subtypes of the disorder was summarized. In the second section the relation between executive functions and moral development was discussed on the context of ADHD. We reviewed the childhood and adulthood symptoms of the disorder in the following section. In the fourth section we discussed the relation between ADHD and antisocial behaviors as it has been emphasized by most of previous studies. Eventually we searched and summarized available literature of ADHD fro ml 980 to 2009 from Medline and Pubmed. Key Words: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorders, oppositional defiant disorder, exucitive functions, moral development, comorbid psychiaric disorders, antisocial behaviours, childhood, adulthood,.

The concept of catatonia was first introduced by Karl Kahlbaum in 1874. Although for many years catatonia was solely linked to schizophrenia, it is currently known that this disorder is seen more frequently in other psychiatric disorders especially in mood disorders than in schizophrenia. Many medical disorders can also present with catatonic symptoms. Medical catatonia may account for as many as 20% to 30% of all cases of catatonia. Endocrine abnormalities, viral and bacterial infections and electrolyte imbalances can all present with catatonia. Neurological conditions like epilepsy, strokes of the anterior brain region and traumatic brain injury may also present with catatonia, and also intoxication or withdrawal of many drugs or substances can result in catatonia. In this paper we present a patient who had catatonia appearing during an acute psychotic condition after an infection. In the course of treatment she did not respond to electro-convulsive treatment (ECT) until the infection was eliminated by medical treatment. After treating the infection, catatonia responded to ECT and benzodiazepine treatment. The patient had decubitus ulcer, too. The decubitus ulcer was probably due to catatonia because the patient had remained in an akinetic position for many days. Consequently, it should be kept in mind that catatonia might be a medical comorbidity which cause a complex course and delay treatment response.