Objectives: In various studies which are made up to the present day, many neuropsychological tests is developed in order to determine structural and functional disorders in the brain. Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Coordination Test (BGT) is one of the most commonly used figure draw task that aimed to evaluate visual and perceptual skills. In that study it is aimed to establish inter-rater reliability of the Bender-Gestalt II, a new form of BGT, and to compare the new scoring system with the traditional Koppitz scoring system in terms of inter-rater reliability. Method: Sample is consisted of 22 male and 23 female child and adolescents. A newer form of the original Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Coordination Test (BGT), Gestalt Motor Coordination Test-ll (BGT-II) is used in the study. Protocols are evaluated by three independent raters who are trained over Koppitz traditional scoring system and who have field experience. Results: For Global Scoring and Koppitz Scoring of BGT-II, internal consistency reliabilities of three raters over mean scores are calculated. It is found that internal consistency reliability for Global Scoring is, Cronbach alpha =.93, for Koppitz Scoring is, Cronbach alpha =.74. Results showed that two scoring systems have sufficiency (Cronbach alpha >.70) for clinic and research purposes. In addition, It is found that inter-rater aggrement for all scoring system is very high (for Koppitz ICC=.96; for Global ICC=.85 and for Recall ICC=.84). Conclusion: It is seen that three scoring system has sufficient internal consistency and inter-rater reliability values for clinical practice.

Amaç: Şizofrenide mortalitenin %60'ı başta kardiyo- vasküler olmak üzere fiziksel hastalıklar nedeniyledir. Metabolik Sendrom (MetS) kardiyovasküler mortalite riskinin bir yordayıcısıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı bir eğitim hastanesinde izlenen şizofreni ve şizoaffektif bozukluk hastalarında MetS sıklığı ve eşlik eden durumlar ile ilişkisinin saptanmasıdır. Yöntem: Çalışmaya 87 hasta dahil edilmiştir. Sosyodemografik veri formu doldurulmuş, "DSM-IV Eksen I Bozuklukları İçin Yapılandırılmış Klinik Görüşme" (SCID-I) ve "Pozitif ve Negatif Semptom Ölçeği" (PANSS) uygulanmıştır. Açlık glukoz, trigliserit ve HDL düzeyleri, vücut ağırlığı, boy, bel çevresi ve arteriyel kan basıncı ölçülmüştür. MetS tanısı "Üçüncü Erişkin Tedavi Paneli" (ATP III), ATP lll-A ve Uluslararası Diyabet Federasyonu (IDF) tanı ölçütlerine göre değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Metabolik Sendrom sıklığı sırasıyla ATP III, ATP lll-A ve IDF ölçütlerine göre %42.5, %46 ve %47.1 olarak bulunmuştur. MetS sıklığı kadınlarda erkeklerden daha fazla bulunmuştur. MetS tanısı konulan hastaların yaş ortalaması da daha yüksektir. Sonuç: Şizofreni hastalarında MetS sıklığı normal topluma göre görece daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Özellikle ileri yaş, kadın cinsiyeti, yüksek "Vücut Kitle İndeksi"ne (BMI) sahip olanlarda metabolik durum gözden geçirilmelidir. Bel çevresi, BMI, FIDL ve TG düzeyleri olası MetS'in en önemli yordayıcılarıdır.

Objectives: Spinal cord injuries (SCI) frequently occur as results of physical traumas. Frequencies of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following SCI vary. PTSD frequencies were assessed in patients with SCI in a Turkish sample in this study. Method: Eighty-four patients (mean age=40.5±15.97; 40 female, 44 male) and caregivers (n=83; mean age=43.72± 14.37; 67 female, 16 male) were enrolled. Mental retardation, premorbid psychiatric disorder, central nerve system disease and patients with professional caregivers were exclusion criteria. Clinician administered posttraumatic stress disorder rating scale (CAPS), Beck depression and anxiety and Zarit caregiver burden scales were given. Results: Sixty- one (72.6%) patients were injured by physical traumas. 34 patients of this group had PTSD. 24 patients (28.6%) had acute and 10 patients (11.9%) had lifetime PTSD symptoms (not currently). Patients with PTSD had higher depression (p<0.001) and anxiety (p=0.004) scores, and caregivers (of the PTSD group) had statistically significantly higher depression (p=0.009) and caregiver burden (p=0.048) scores. Conclusion: PTSD frequency among the patients in this study was higher than both general population and victims of traumatic events resulting with severe injuries. Differences between different populations may be due to differences in coping strategies or social support. SCI is a permanent sequel that would remind the traumatic event constantly; thus PTSD may be expected to be higher in SCI than other types of (instant) traumatic events. Coping strategies and posttraumatic growth should be investigated in patients with SCI in Turkish populations.

Objectives: Emergency department workers make up a group that is vulnerable to burnout due to heavy work load and stress. On the other hand, it is widely known that burnout syndrome is related to job satisfaction. The aim of this study was to investigate burnout and job satisfaction levels in emergency department workers of public hospitals in Izmir. Method: All the emergency department workers working in public hospitals in the city of Izmir (n=440) were included in the study. All the emergency department workers were asked to complete Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), Job Satisfaction Inventory (JSI) and a form that contained questions about working conditions, job and institutional characteristics. The forms were collected back in the same day. Results: In women, job satisfaction levels were lower than men. Staff with children had lower levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. The ones who worked nine hours or more daily had higher emotional exhaustion and depersonalization scores. Physicians had the highest levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. Emergency department staff working in training and research hospitals had higher levels of job satisfaction. Job satisfaction was the most significant predictor of all burnout domains. Conclusion: Physicians make up the highest risk group for burnout syndrome among all emergency department workers. Job satisfaction is the most important predictor of burnout. Working hour regulations could be effective measures to increase job satisfaction and decrease burnout levels.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the ratio of the early and late onset of Social Anxiety Disorder and the effect of this onset situation on Social Anxiety Disorder clinic and course. Method: 247 Social Anxiety Disorder patients were assessed with DSM-IV SCID-I. Sociodemographical data form, Leibowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Global Assessment of Functionality (GAF) were applied to the patients. Two groups were performed according to onset of the disorder at or above the age of 18 (54 patients) and under the age of 18 (193 patients). Early and late onset groups were compared in terms of sociodemographical variables, clinical features and scales and variables were determined which were related to early and late onset. Results: The onset of 78.1 % of the Social Anxiety Disorder patients were before the age of 18. In the early onset group, the age at onset of the first depressive episode were smaller, total number of depressive episodes and the atypicality in depression was higher, the avoidance and fear and total scores of LSAS and BDI scores were higher, the mean scores of current and past year GAF were lower. Conclusion: In the case of early onset in social anxiety disorder patients, the severity of social anxiety disorder and depression and the recurrence rates of depression were higher and functionality were found to be lower. It is important to diagnose and start the treatment in the social anxiety disorder patients earlier.

Objectives: Somatoform disorders in adolescents is a little studied topic. It is hypothesized that maternal attachment style and the family system was associated with the somatic symptoms in children and adolescents. In this study, it's aimed to examine the anxiety level of adolescents with the diagnosis of somatoform disorders, anxiety level and attachment style of their mothers and their family functioning. Method: 33 adolescents with the diagnosis of somatoform disorders were compared with 28 age matched adolescents without any diagnosis of mental disorders. Adult Attachment Scale, State and Trait Anxiety Inventory, Family Assessment Device, and Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders was used to obtain data from the participants. Results: In our study, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of age and gender. In Adult Attachment Scale, maternal avoidant attachment scores of adolescents diagnosed as somatoform disorders was higher than the control group. While maternal reports of Family Assessment Device indicated that the index group had higher scores in roles, affective responsiveness, behavior control, and affective involvement subscales, child reports implied no difference between the groups. Anxiety levels of adolescents and maternal anxiety levels was higher in the index group. Conclusion: It's known that adolescents diagnosed with somatoform disorders have poor skills in coping with stress and inconvenient responses to life events. Being anxious and having anxious mothers, deterioration in family functioning and maternal avoidant attachment style may contribute to the formation of somatoform disorders by effecting the responses of the adolescents.