INTRODUCTION: In addition to the relationship between substance use and personality, the personality traits such as hopelessness, anxiety sensitivity, impulsivity, and sensation seeking are known to be particularly predictive of later substance misuse. These personality traits can be used as markers to provide early prevention intervention against substance use disorders. The present study aims to evaluate the relationship of the personality traits to substance use disorders (SUDs).
METHODS: The sample for the first analysis consisted of 13-18-year-old outpatients with SUDs (n=30), outpatients with any psychiatric disorders other than SUDs (n=30), and community-based non-matched healthy controls (n=30). And then, the analysis for comparison among SUDs patient group and another healthy control group matched for age and sex (n=30) was repeated to minimize bias because of the gender heterogeneity in the groups. Substance abuse-related personality traits were measured with the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS). Also, Beck Hopelessness Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Barratt Impulsivity Scale and Arnett Inventory of Sensation Seeking were used as data collection tools. Using independent samples t-test or one-way ANOVA and Tukey posthoc tests among two or more groups, the relationship was evaluated.
RESULTS: Results show that there is no clear relationship between substance use disorders, and substance abuse-related personality traits measured by SURPS, with significant limitations.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Our study is the first study assessing this relationship in a sample of Turkish adolescents. Further studies should be planned to determine whether the result of our study reflects objective reality or is affected by the limitations.

INTRODUCTION: In this study, it is aimed to do a cross-sectional evaluation of treatment preferences in tic disorders in a clinical sample.
METHODS: The hospital records of cases diagnosed with tic disorders who were admitted to our clinic between May 2013 and June 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. SPSS 17.0 program was used to evaluate the data. The level of significance was accepted as p <0.05.
RESULTS: Our sample was consisted of 92 children with a mean age of 10.7 ± 3.1 years. Distribution of diagnosis of tic disorders were as follows: Tic Disorders (TD)-Not otherwise specified (46.7%), Tourette Syndrome (23.9%), Chronic Motor TD (20.7%), and Transient TD (8.7%). 45.7% of cases had at least one comorbid psychiatric disorder. While most frequently preferred class of psychotropic medications were atypical antipsychotics (33.7%), most frequently prescribed psychotropic medications were aripiprazole, atomoxetine, risperidone, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), methylphenidate, hydroxyzine and haloperidol, respectively by psychiatrists. Predictors of medication use were found to be being an adolescent and having chronic tic disorder (TS or chronic motor TD).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The frequent preference of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of tic disorders is similar to some treatment guidelines. The use of medications used for treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and SSRIs can be explained by treatment of comorbid conditions. Our study is one of the first studies on pharmacotherapy applications in tic disorders from our country. In order to generalize our findings, prospectively planned, multicentered studies with larger samples are needed in children with tic disorders.

INTRODUCTION: It is known that experiential and coginitive features of intrusive memories differ in accordance with the type and severity of psychological disorders. This investigation sought to gather all the experiential and cognitive dispositions of intrusive memories that take place in literature and to make comparisons in terms of the mentioned dispositions between participants with high and low depressive symptoms. It is also aimed to reveal perceived temporal distance and reconsolidation processes of intrusive memories.
METHODS: 134 participants are asked to describe narratives of their intrusive memories experienced in the preceding week. Beck Depression Inventory was applied in order to determine depression severity while the Post Traumatic Stress Symptom Inventory-Intrusion was applied in order to determine intrusions of memory.
RESULTS: It has been found that when the time of the memories intrude, the group with high depressive symptoms experience more helpless and sad and make more negative attributions to themselves and future compared to the group with low depressive symptoms. Finally, intrusion serve as mediator variable in the relation between depressive symptoms and reconsolidation processes while reconsolidation processes serve as mediator variable in the relation between intrusions percieved temporal distance
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Phenomenological differences in accordance with depression severity have been discussed. Additionally, the mediator role of intrusion in the relation between depressive symptoms and reconsolidation process and the mediator role of reconsolidation process in the relation between intrusions and percieved temporal distance have been discussed. It is thought that more studies in the area of intrusive memories are needed.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between affective lability, aggression and impulsivity among bipolar I disorder diagnosed patient in euthymic stage
METHODS: We included 167 patients applying to the outpatient clinic with the diagnosis of bipolar I disorder. After obtaining informed consent, the subjects were clinically interviewed by SCID I to be sure for diagnoses. On the next step, Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) were applied to the subjects to exclude patient who is not in euthymic stage. Sociodemographic data form was filled with additional support from family interviews and previous medical records. Then, Affective Lability Scale (ALS), Barratt Impulsivity Scale-11 (BIS-11), Buss – Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ) were administered to the patient.
RESULTS: There was statistically mild-strong significant correlation in various degrees between all subscales of ALS and all subscales of BIS-11 and BPAQ, whereas total scores were correlated in highly significance level (p<0.001 and r: 0.65 / r: 0.62 and r: 0.71). The most significant subscale of AVS to correlate with remaining scales and subscales was anger.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: There is a significant relation between AL, impulsivity and aggression in bipolar disorder. Investigating this relationship between these three dimensions, which may have an important role in the pathogenesis of BD, may be important in understanding the nature of the disease and guiding for new treatment options.

INTRODUCTION: Suicidal behavior is serious public health problem. Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide-IPT tells that feelings of thwarted belongingness and perceived burden someness are composed of two perceptions that make people tend to suicide. But the theory argues that will is not sufficient for occurrence of a suicidal behaviour. Individual must have acquired capability for suicide as well. Recently it is seen that IPT is a theorethical framework that is frequently used in suicide researches. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Turkish versions of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ) and Acquired Capability for Suicide Scale -Fearlessness about Death (ACSS-FAD).
METHODS: Data were collected from 409 university students. Participants filled in the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire and Acquired Capability for Suicide-Fearlessness for Death scale together with Suicide Probability Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Hopelessness Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, Abdel-Khalek Death Anxiety Scale, Eating Attitudes Test and Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale.
RESULTS: The Turkish Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire and the Acquired Capability for Suicide- Fearlessness about Death scale demonstrated adequate psychometric properties. Both had high internal consistency and test-retest reliabilities. The factor structures were shown to be the same as in their original forms. Both scales demonstrated highly adequate convergent and divergent validity.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results of the present study have revealed that the Turkish versions of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ) and Acquired Capability for Suicide Scale-Fearlessness about Death (ACSS-FAD) are reliable and valid instruments for measuring the constructs of the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of suicide. Therefore, we conclude that the two measuring instruments may contribute to the suicidological research and clinical practice in Turkey.

INTRODUCTION: Little is known about the neuropsychological factors on quitting smoking. The pregnancy period is a natural process in which women are encouraged to quit smoking. This study aimed to compare trait and behavioural impulsivity and planning ability among pregnant women who continue smoking, quit smoking and never smoke.
METHODS: Twenty-seven pregnant women who continue smoking, 15 pregnant women who quit smoking and 28 pregnant women who never smoke and 18 non-pregnant women completed psychometric cognitive tests and psychiatric rating scales. Decision making, planning, response inhibition and trait impulsivity were evaluated with Iowa Gambling Task, Tower of London Task, Stroop Task and Barratt Impulsivity Scale, respectively. The severity of physical addiction to nicotine was assessed with Fagerstrom Scale.
RESULTS: The non-planning impulsivity was higher in pregnant women who quit smoking rather than smoker, never smoke pregnant control and non-pregnant group (p=0.010). The logistic regression results revealed that non-planning impulsivity was a significant independent contributor to quitting smoking. The percentage of the variance explained by non-planning impulsivity in quitting smoking was 10%. Pregnant women who never smoke showed better performance on TOL rather than smoker group (p=0.021). Although statistically non-significant, motor and attentional impulsivity in never smoke group was lower than that in the ever been smoker group.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This study revealed that the non-planning impulsivity was statistically higher in pregnant women who quit smoking rather than smoker group. Increased non-planning impulsivity was found to be a significant factor that contributes to quit smoking.

INTRODUCTION: Vaginismus is defined as female sexual pain disorder with recurrent or persistent involuntary contraction of the outer third of the vagina and presence of fear for intercourse Commonly, no organic causes can be implicated in etiology but various psychogenic factors are being examined. In this study, the patients with vaginismus is compared with healthy control in terms of obsessive beliefs, pysical and mental functioning, for the aim of uncovering the role of obsessive belief and functionality as a psychosocial factor in vaginismus.
METHODS: Thirthy-seven women with vaginismus and 32 controls who have no difficulty with vaginal penetration were involved in this study. Golombok-Rust Inventory of Satisfaction Scale (GRISS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Obsessive Beliefs Questionnarie-44 (OBQ-44), Short Form 36 (SF-36) were administered to all participants.
RESULTS: Subscores of vaginismus in GRISS, BDI and BAI were significantly higher in patients with vaginismus than the healthy control. Subscales of OBQ-44 including responsibility/threat estimation, perfectionism/certainty and importance/control were significantly higher in patients with vaginismus. The physical functionality was higher in patients with vaginismus. OBQ-perfectionism/certainty subscale was positively correlated with GRISS-avoidance subscale, OBQ-responsibility/threat estimation was positively correlated with GRISS- satisfaction subscales.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: : Obsessive beliefs were higher in patients with vaginismus than the healthy control. Physical functionality was better in patients with vaginismus. Level of anxiety and depression were higher in patients with vaginismus. This study indicates the role of obsessive beliefs and anxiety smptoms in development and maintenance of vaginismus and absence of impact on quality of life.

INTRODUCTION: Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is mostly known as a psychiatric disorder of childhood. However SAD has been redefined in DSM-5 and thus, it has became possible to diagnose SAD in adulthood as well. The aim of our study is to determine the prevelance of SAD among adult patients with generalised anxiety disorder, also to investigate the symptoms of separation anxiety in childhood and to examine its reflections on the separation anxiety symptoms of adulthood.
METHODS: 50 adult patients with generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) who were admitted to the psychiatry outpatient clinic of Trakya University Hospital were included in this study. The presence of psychiatric disorders was determined according to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I). Structured Clinical Interview for Separation Anxiety Symptoms (SCI-SAS) and Adult Separation Anxiety Questionnaire (ASA) were applied to assess the symptoms of separation anxiety. Sociodemographic factors and reports of early separation anxiety (Separation Anxiety Symptom Inventory, SASI) and a retrospective diagnosis of separation anxiety disorder among childhood were also measured.
RESULTS: According to our results the prevalance of SAD in patients with GAD was 45,2% and SAD was more common among females (p=0,02). Patients with SAD had elevated early separation anxiety scores. Furthermore, a statistically significant positive correlation was found between childhood SASI and ASA scores (r=0,71, p=0,00).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Our results show that separation anxiety is highly prevalant among GAD patients. Early separation anxiety scores are positively correlated with adult separation anxiety scores. However, in order to determine the effects of chilhood separation anxiety symptoms on adulthood, large sample sizes and prospective studies are needed.

INTRODUCTION: The fact that online gaming is becoming more widespread in the society and may disrupt functionality by causing a behavioral addiction, which is defined as “internet gaming disorder” in DSM-5, points to the importance of further research. In this study, we aimed to investigate the sociodemographic features of online gamers and some psychosocial factors that may be related to online gaming, as there are limited studies available on this topic in Turkey.
METHODS: The design of the study is cross-sectional. The sample of the study consists of Travian, an online game, players. The sociodemographic data form, Game Addiction Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Perceived Multi-Dimensional Social Support Scale and Life Satisfaction Scale were conveyed to the participants via SurveyMonkey. The data of 726 participants, who completed all forms, were analyzed.

RESULTS: Mean age of the participants was 28.4± 9.98, 93.5% (n: 679) were male, 59.2% were at least university graduates. 11.9% (n: 81) of the participants were game addicts according to Game Addiction Scale and all together with risky participants for game addiction who are not game addicts already, this number reaches up to 47% (n: 344). There is a negative significant relationship between game addiction scores and life satisfaction (r=-.270, p<.01), and perceived multi-dimensional social support (r=-.181, p<.01). Also there is a positive significant relationship between game addiction scores and self-esteem scores.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Addiction of Travian players in Turkey seem to affect the population in a wide age range. The fact that perceived multi-dimensional social support, life satisfaction and high self-esteem are related to low game addiction scores may be a guide for clinicians in terms of approaches towards people at risk of game addiction.

Cannabis is one of the important food and textile resources that has been used since 4000 BC. The fact that it was used as a medicine by the Chinese caused it to be included in the oldest pharmacopoeia in the world. However, in the 20th century, marijuana production from cannabis was a turning point in cannabis history, and then led to the limitation of cultivation areas and use. Today, cannabis is the most popular illicit drug worldwide. Regular use of cannabis is associated with impaired functioning, decreased academic performance, amotivation, addiction and, psychiatric disorders like psychosis, schizophrenia and mood disorders. On the other hand, recent research proposed promising therapeutic potential of cannabis-based drugs for a wide range of medical conditions including neurological and psychiatric disorders. These findings have led to the legalization of medical use of cannabis in certain states of the United States and in certain European countries. In this review, cannabis use, the historical process of cannabis use, medical use of cannabis, possible consequences of medical use of cannabis and the reflections of cannabis-related policy changes on society will be discussed.

Background: Having a child with cancer has an enormous impact on their mothers. Usually mothers describe their feeling as “losing some part of themselves”. In order to understand this traumatic experience on mothers’ psychology, psychoanalytic explanations of self/self-cohesion experiences should be taken into account. Methods: A comparative case analysis was performed using narrative inquiry and narrative analysis. Two mothers were chosen. Each mother was interviewed about their self-selfobject needs and its relation to their traumatic cancer experience. Results: The narrative analysis revealed that, the mother who had a weak self cohesion before the diagnose reported more traumatic narratives in comparison to the mother who had a healthy self cohesion. Conclusions: Not all mothers with children who has cancer were affected to the same extent from this traumatic experience. Understanding mother’s earlier and present selfobject transferences will help clinician to intervene to the right person. Action/Impact: Understanding mothers’ distress from the psychoanalytic perspective and intervene at that level not only improve mothers’ well-being but also the children’s and the society’s at large.

Kleine-Levin syndrome is a syndrome with hypersomnia attacks involving behavioral and emotional disorders. It is rare and the estimated incidence is 1-5 / 1000000. It is more common in women. The diagnosis of Kleine-Levin syndrome is made clinically. Kleine-Levin's syndrome is in episodes and the duration of a episode can last from two days to five weeks. The etiology of Kleine-Levin syndrome is unknown. The first episode was observed to be triggered by factors such as infection, fever, psychological stress, and insomnia. Modafinil, armodafinil, methylphenidate can be tried in the treatment of Kleine-Levin syndrome sleep episode. Lithium, carbamazepine and valproic acid can be used to prevent sleep attacks. In this article, a case, diagnosed with Kleine-Levis Syndrome in which hypersomnia episodes were vanished after treatment with sodium valproic acid is presented since it is rarely seen and can contribute to the literature as it may increase awareness.

Red ear syndrome is defined as mostly unilateral burning pain and redness of external ear. It has two forms idiopathic and secondary. Idiopathic red ear syndrome is mostly seen in young people and associated with migraine. Secondary red ear syndrome is more frequent in adults and releated with cervical disorder. Our patient was a 10 year old boy diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and spesific learning disorder. He had a complaint of redness in his ear, following the atomoxetine treatment for ADHD. The redness was appearing after taking atomoxetine in 1 hour. The redness in his ear was unilateral and lasted in 4 hours. Sometimes headaches were accompanied with red ear. After atomoxetine treatment was ceased the redness and the headache in his ear were dissappered. In the pathophysiology of red ear sydrome there is a disregulation of sympathic outflow. Atomoxetine has a high selectivity for noradrenergic receptors and also has an effect on periferic noradrenergic receptors. Atomoxetine could change the sympathic vasodilation/vasoconstruction balance and cause red ear. Although the red ear is not a life threating situation, it could cause discomfort and anxiety, so the clinicians should keep in mind red ear syndrome while using atomoxetine. To our best knowledge this is the first red ear case associated with atomoxetinein literature.

Hyperprolactinemia is a common side effect of antipsychotic treatments. Conventional antipsychotics increase prolactin secretion due to their strong D2 receptor antagonism and long-term dependence on the receptor. Among atypical antipsychotics, risperidone and amisulpride are known to increase prolactin levels as typical antipsychotics. 9-OH risperidone (paliperidone), the active metabolite of risperidone; due to its similar receptor effect profile, it may cause prolactin elevation. Hyperprolactinemia may occur due to the use of paliperidone palmitate. Hyperprolactinemia can lead to galactorrhea, amenorrhea, sexual dysfunction, gynecomastia, hirsutism, and infertility. In patients with hyperprolactinemia, other antipsychotics may be used or aripiprazole may be added to the treatment. In this study, we aimed to present a patient who had severe benefit from long-acting antipsychotic treatment of paliperidone palmitate, but developed hyperprolactinemia during follow-up and the change in prolactin levels back to normal after changing the treatment to long-acting aripiprazole.

Varenicline is an alpha 4 beta 2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist with dopaminergic effects. It is an effective and widely used agent approved for smoking cessation. Depressive mood, sleep disorder, suicide, agitation, aggression, psychotic and manic symptoms have been reported during the use of varenicline. We report the case of a 48-year-old woman with a history of major depression who was admitted to the hospital with the diagnosis of mania with psychotic features at the end of the 12-week varenicline treatment. She was admitted to the psychiatry clinic for mystic grandiose and reference delusions, auditory and visual hallucinations, irritability, insomnia, and rapid speech. She was in antidepressant treatment with 100 mg/day sertraline for 2 years and was euthymic for the last 18 months. In her history, she never had symptoms of mania or hypomania or any psychiatric admission before. In the first mental status examination, the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) score was 33. On the twenty-eighth day of the hospitalization, the patient was discharged with the treatment of olanzapine 20 mg/day and clonazepam 0.5 mg/day since her YMRS score improved to 14. In spite of the fact that the core components of varenicline associated mania stay subtle, the present case report features the significance of monitoring for potential adverse reactions with the use of varenicline in patients with a history of depression, particularly when utilized in combination with antidepressants.